Why Late-Development Breeds Authoritarianism
Capitalist development, the rise of the bourgeoisie, and the rise of the middle class will bring democratization according to the conventional expectation of modernization theory (Inglehart and Welzel 2005; Lipset 1959). This thesis has been challenged by both scholars and observers of the reality (O’Donell 1973; Rosenfeld 2021, 49-53, 97; Tsai 2007; Slater and Wong…