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You Can Approximate Pi by Dropping Needles on the Floor

You Can Approximate Pi by Dropping Needles on the Floor

Happy Pi Day! March 14 is the date that otherwise rational people celebrate this irrational number, because 3/14 contains the first three digits of pi. And hey, pi deserves a day. By definition, it’s the ratio of the circumference and diameter of a circle, but it shows up in all kinds of places that seem to have nothing to do with circles, from music to quantum mechanics.

Pi is an infinitely long decimal number that never repeats. How do we know? Well, humans have calculated it to 314 trillion decimal places and didn’t reach the end. At that point, I’m inclined to accept it. I mean, NASA uses only the first 15 decimal places for navigating spacecraft, and that’s more than enough for earthly applications.

The coolest thing, for me, is that there are many ways to approximate that value, which I’ve written about in the past. For instance, you can do it by oscillating a mass on a spring. But maybe the craziest method of all was proven in 1777 by George Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon.

Decades earlier, Buffon had posed this as a probability question in geometry: Imagine you have a floor with parallel lines separated by a distance d. Onto this floor, you drop a bunch of needles with length L. What is the probability that a needle will cross one of the parallel lines?

A picture will help you understand what’s happening. Let’s say I drop just two needles on the floor (feel free to replace the needles with something safer, like toothpicks). Also, just to make things easier later, we can say that the needle length and line spacing are equal (d = L).

You can see that one of the needles crosses a line and the other doesn’t. OK, but what are the chances? This is not the most trivial problem, but let’s think about just one dropped needle. We only care about two values—the distance (x) from the farther end of the needle to a line, and the angle of the needle (θ) with respect to a perpendicular (see the diagram below). If x is less than half the spacing between lines, we get a needle-crossing. As you can see, you’d get a higher probability with a smaller x or a smaller θ.

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#Approximate #Dropping #Needles #Floor

ASUS Chromebook CM32 Detachable Leads the Lineup
ASUS Expands Chromebook Lineup in India With New CM14, CM15, and CM32 Models
	
Chromebooks aren’t exactly the most exciting laptops on the market, but they continue to be a popular option for students and anyone who primarily works in the cloud. Looking to capitalize on that demand, ASUS has launched three new Chromebooks in India, including a detachable 2-in-1 model that doubles as a tablet.



The new lineup consists of the ASUS Chromebook CM32 Detachable, Chromebook CM14, and Chromebook CM15. All three devices run ChromeOS and come with Google’s latest AI-powered features, along with cloud-first productivity tools aimed at students, educators, and young professionals. ASUS is also bundling three months of Google AI Pro with the devices, giving buyers access to Google’s AI tools and 5TB of cloud storage.



ASUS Chromebook CM32 Detachable Leads the Lineup







Leading the lineup is the ASUS Chromebook CM32, a 2-in-1 device designed for users who want the flexibility of both a tablet and a laptop. The device features a 2.5K touchscreen display, a detachable keyboard, a magnetic kickstand, and support for the ASUS Pen. This makes it suitable for everything from note-taking and studying to media consumption and light gaming.



ASUS has also focused on portability and durability. Despite its lightweight design, the Chromebook comes with military-grade durability certifications and Corning Gorilla Glass protection, making it better equipped to handle everyday wear and tear.



Chromebook CM14 and CM15 Focus on Battery Life







If you prefer a traditional laptop design, ASUS is also offering the Chromebook CM14 and Chromebook CM15. The two laptops feature 14-inch and 15-inch displays, respectively, and are powered by the MediaTek Kompanio 540 processor. While these aren’t performance-focused machines, they should be more than capable of handling web browsing, document editing, online classes, and other everyday workloads.



One of the standout features is battery life. ASUS claims both laptops can deliver up to 20 hours of usage on a single charge, which should easily get most users through a full day of work or study. The laptops also include a 180-degree hinge, allowing users to lay the display flat for easier collaboration during meetings, presentations, or classroom sessions.



Price and Availability



The new ASUS Chromebook lineup is now available through Amazon and the ASUS eShop. Pricing starts at ₹26,990 for the Chromebook CM14, while the larger Chromebook CM15 starts at ₹28,990. The more premium Chromebook CM32 Detachable is priced at ₹37,990. ASUS is also offering No Cost EMI and ASUS Easy Pay financing options. Monthly installments start at ₹5,165 for the CM14, ₹5,665 for the CM15, and ₹6,332 for the CM32 Detachable.





#ASUS #Expands #Chromebook #Lineup #India #CM14 #CM15 #CM32 #ModelsAsus

Leading the lineup is the ASUS Chromebook CM32, a 2-in-1 device designed for users who want the flexibility of both a tablet and a laptop. The device features a 2.5K touchscreen display, a detachable keyboard, a magnetic kickstand, and support for the ASUS Pen. This makes it suitable for everything from note-taking and studying to media consumption and light gaming.

ASUS has also focused on portability and durability. Despite its lightweight design, the Chromebook comes with military-grade durability certifications and Corning Gorilla Glass protection, making it better equipped to handle everyday wear and tear.

Chromebook CM14 and CM15 Focus on Battery Life

If you prefer a traditional laptop design, ASUS is also offering the Chromebook CM14 and Chromebook CM15. The two laptops feature 14-inch and 15-inch displays, respectively, and are powered by the MediaTek Kompanio 540 processor. While these aren’t performance-focused machines, they should be more than capable of handling web browsing, document editing, online classes, and other everyday workloads.

One of the standout features is battery life. ASUS claims both laptops can deliver up to 20 hours of usage on a single charge, which should easily get most users through a full day of work or study. The laptops also include a 180-degree hinge, allowing users to lay the display flat for easier collaboration during meetings, presentations, or classroom sessions.

Price and Availability

The new ASUS Chromebook lineup is now available through Amazon and the ASUS eShop. Pricing starts at ₹26,990 for the Chromebook CM14, while the larger Chromebook CM15 starts at ₹28,990. The more premium Chromebook CM32 Detachable is priced at ₹37,990. ASUS is also offering No Cost EMI and ASUS Easy Pay financing options. Monthly installments start at ₹5,165 for the CM14, ₹5,665 for the CM15, and ₹6,332 for the CM32 Detachable.

#ASUS #Expands #Chromebook #Lineup #India #CM14 #CM15 #CM32 #ModelsAsus">ASUS Expands Chromebook Lineup in India With New CM14, CM15, and CM32 Models
	
Chromebooks aren’t exactly the most exciting laptops on the market, but they continue to be a popular option for students and anyone who primarily works in the cloud. Looking to capitalize on that demand, ASUS has launched three new Chromebooks in India, including a detachable 2-in-1 model that doubles as a tablet.



The new lineup consists of the ASUS Chromebook CM32 Detachable, Chromebook CM14, and Chromebook CM15. All three devices run ChromeOS and come with Google’s latest AI-powered features, along with cloud-first productivity tools aimed at students, educators, and young professionals. ASUS is also bundling three months of Google AI Pro with the devices, giving buyers access to Google’s AI tools and 5TB of cloud storage.



ASUS Chromebook CM32 Detachable Leads the Lineup







Leading the lineup is the ASUS Chromebook CM32, a 2-in-1 device designed for users who want the flexibility of both a tablet and a laptop. The device features a 2.5K touchscreen display, a detachable keyboard, a magnetic kickstand, and support for the ASUS Pen. This makes it suitable for everything from note-taking and studying to media consumption and light gaming.



ASUS has also focused on portability and durability. Despite its lightweight design, the Chromebook comes with military-grade durability certifications and Corning Gorilla Glass protection, making it better equipped to handle everyday wear and tear.



Chromebook CM14 and CM15 Focus on Battery Life







If you prefer a traditional laptop design, ASUS is also offering the Chromebook CM14 and Chromebook CM15. The two laptops feature 14-inch and 15-inch displays, respectively, and are powered by the MediaTek Kompanio 540 processor. While these aren’t performance-focused machines, they should be more than capable of handling web browsing, document editing, online classes, and other everyday workloads.



One of the standout features is battery life. ASUS claims both laptops can deliver up to 20 hours of usage on a single charge, which should easily get most users through a full day of work or study. The laptops also include a 180-degree hinge, allowing users to lay the display flat for easier collaboration during meetings, presentations, or classroom sessions.



Price and Availability



The new ASUS Chromebook lineup is now available through Amazon and the ASUS eShop. Pricing starts at ₹26,990 for the Chromebook CM14, while the larger Chromebook CM15 starts at ₹28,990. The more premium Chromebook CM32 Detachable is priced at ₹37,990. ASUS is also offering No Cost EMI and ASUS Easy Pay financing options. Monthly installments start at ₹5,165 for the CM14, ₹5,665 for the CM15, and ₹6,332 for the CM32 Detachable.





#ASUS #Expands #Chromebook #Lineup #India #CM14 #CM15 #CM32 #ModelsAsus

ASUS Chromebook CM32, a 2-in-1 device designed for users who want the flexibility of both a tablet and a laptop. The device features a 2.5K touchscreen display, a detachable keyboard, a magnetic kickstand, and support for the ASUS Pen. This makes it suitable for everything from note-taking and studying to media consumption and light gaming.

ASUS has also focused on portability and durability. Despite its lightweight design, the Chromebook comes with military-grade durability certifications and Corning Gorilla Glass protection, making it better equipped to handle everyday wear and tear.

Chromebook CM14 and CM15 Focus on Battery Life

If you prefer a traditional laptop design, ASUS is also offering the Chromebook CM14 and Chromebook CM15. The two laptops feature 14-inch and 15-inch displays, respectively, and are powered by the MediaTek Kompanio 540 processor. While these aren’t performance-focused machines, they should be more than capable of handling web browsing, document editing, online classes, and other everyday workloads.

One of the standout features is battery life. ASUS claims both laptops can deliver up to 20 hours of usage on a single charge, which should easily get most users through a full day of work or study. The laptops also include a 180-degree hinge, allowing users to lay the display flat for easier collaboration during meetings, presentations, or classroom sessions.

Price and Availability

The new ASUS Chromebook lineup is now available through Amazon and the ASUS eShop. Pricing starts at ₹26,990 for the Chromebook CM14, while the larger Chromebook CM15 starts at ₹28,990. The more premium Chromebook CM32 Detachable is priced at ₹37,990. ASUS is also offering No Cost EMI and ASUS Easy Pay financing options. Monthly installments start at ₹5,165 for the CM14, ₹5,665 for the CM15, and ₹6,332 for the CM32 Detachable.

#ASUS #Expands #Chromebook #Lineup #India #CM14 #CM15 #CM32 #ModelsAsus">ASUS Expands Chromebook Lineup in India With New CM14, CM15, and CM32 Models

Chromebooks aren’t exactly the most exciting laptops on the market, but they continue to be a popular option for students and anyone who primarily works in the cloud. Looking to capitalize on that demand, ASUS has launched three new Chromebooks in India, including a detachable 2-in-1 model that doubles as a tablet.

The new lineup consists of the ASUS Chromebook CM32 Detachable, Chromebook CM14, and Chromebook CM15. All three devices run ChromeOS and come with Google’s latest AI-powered features, along with cloud-first productivity tools aimed at students, educators, and young professionals. ASUS is also bundling three months of Google AI Pro with the devices, giving buyers access to Google’s AI tools and 5TB of cloud storage.

ASUS Chromebook CM32 Detachable Leads the Lineup

ASUS Expands Chromebook Lineup in India With New CM14, CM15, and CM32 Models
	
Chromebooks aren’t exactly the most exciting laptops on the market, but they continue to be a popular option for students and anyone who primarily works in the cloud. Looking to capitalize on that demand, ASUS has launched three new Chromebooks in India, including a detachable 2-in-1 model that doubles as a tablet.



The new lineup consists of the ASUS Chromebook CM32 Detachable, Chromebook CM14, and Chromebook CM15. All three devices run ChromeOS and come with Google’s latest AI-powered features, along with cloud-first productivity tools aimed at students, educators, and young professionals. ASUS is also bundling three months of Google AI Pro with the devices, giving buyers access to Google’s AI tools and 5TB of cloud storage.



ASUS Chromebook CM32 Detachable Leads the Lineup







Leading the lineup is the ASUS Chromebook CM32, a 2-in-1 device designed for users who want the flexibility of both a tablet and a laptop. The device features a 2.5K touchscreen display, a detachable keyboard, a magnetic kickstand, and support for the ASUS Pen. This makes it suitable for everything from note-taking and studying to media consumption and light gaming.



ASUS has also focused on portability and durability. Despite its lightweight design, the Chromebook comes with military-grade durability certifications and Corning Gorilla Glass protection, making it better equipped to handle everyday wear and tear.



Chromebook CM14 and CM15 Focus on Battery Life







If you prefer a traditional laptop design, ASUS is also offering the Chromebook CM14 and Chromebook CM15. The two laptops feature 14-inch and 15-inch displays, respectively, and are powered by the MediaTek Kompanio 540 processor. While these aren’t performance-focused machines, they should be more than capable of handling web browsing, document editing, online classes, and other everyday workloads.



One of the standout features is battery life. ASUS claims both laptops can deliver up to 20 hours of usage on a single charge, which should easily get most users through a full day of work or study. The laptops also include a 180-degree hinge, allowing users to lay the display flat for easier collaboration during meetings, presentations, or classroom sessions.



Price and Availability



The new ASUS Chromebook lineup is now available through Amazon and the ASUS eShop. Pricing starts at ₹26,990 for the Chromebook CM14, while the larger Chromebook CM15 starts at ₹28,990. The more premium Chromebook CM32 Detachable is priced at ₹37,990. ASUS is also offering No Cost EMI and ASUS Easy Pay financing options. Monthly installments start at ₹5,165 for the CM14, ₹5,665 for the CM15, and ₹6,332 for the CM32 Detachable.





#ASUS #Expands #Chromebook #Lineup #India #CM14 #CM15 #CM32 #ModelsAsus

Leading the lineup is the ASUS Chromebook CM32, a 2-in-1 device designed for users who want the flexibility of both a tablet and a laptop. The device features a 2.5K touchscreen display, a detachable keyboard, a magnetic kickstand, and support for the ASUS Pen. This makes it suitable for everything from note-taking and studying to media consumption and light gaming.

ASUS has also focused on portability and durability. Despite its lightweight design, the Chromebook comes with military-grade durability certifications and Corning Gorilla Glass protection, making it better equipped to handle everyday wear and tear.

Chromebook CM14 and CM15 Focus on Battery Life

If you prefer a traditional laptop design, ASUS is also offering the Chromebook CM14 and Chromebook CM15. The two laptops feature 14-inch and 15-inch displays, respectively, and are powered by the MediaTek Kompanio 540 processor. While these aren’t performance-focused machines, they should be more than capable of handling web browsing, document editing, online classes, and other everyday workloads.

One of the standout features is battery life. ASUS claims both laptops can deliver up to 20 hours of usage on a single charge, which should easily get most users through a full day of work or study. The laptops also include a 180-degree hinge, allowing users to lay the display flat for easier collaboration during meetings, presentations, or classroom sessions.

Price and Availability

The new ASUS Chromebook lineup is now available through Amazon and the ASUS eShop. Pricing starts at ₹26,990 for the Chromebook CM14, while the larger Chromebook CM15 starts at ₹28,990. The more premium Chromebook CM32 Detachable is priced at ₹37,990. ASUS is also offering No Cost EMI and ASUS Easy Pay financing options. Monthly installments start at ₹5,165 for the CM14, ₹5,665 for the CM15, and ₹6,332 for the CM32 Detachable.

#ASUS #Expands #Chromebook #Lineup #India #CM14 #CM15 #CM32 #ModelsAsus

published late last week in the journal Nature Microbiology.

Good guy prions?

Prions are some of the strangest things around. They’re the misfolded form of a protein naturally found in the body. When a prion comes across its “normal” counterpart, it can somehow induce the latter to turn into a prion itself, almost like a zombie infection.

Classic prion disorders like mad cow disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease are caused by the steady accumulation of one particular type of protein, aptly named the prion protein; these disorders are universally fatal. Some scientists have also argued that other neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer’s disease, are caused by other kinds of misfolded proteins that act in a similar way to prions.

According to the study researchers, there’s growing evidence that prions and prion-like proteins are more than just harbingers of death. Studies have found that the normal prion protein and the prion-like amyloid beta (one of the drivers of Alzheimer’s) can have antimicrobial activity, for instance. So the team decided to conduct a sweeping analysis looking for antimicrobial peptide fragments within these proteins.

The researchers had previously built an AI model intended to predict the antimicrobial activity of any given peptide fragment, named APEX 1.1. Then they let APEX scan through 19.3 million short peptide fragments found in 2,897 prion and prion-like proteins. They initially uncovered 1,179 candidates, which the team narrowed down to 75 that showed the most potential. Of these, 59 were able to inhibit the growth of at least one bacterial germ in the lab, including 42 that did so at low levels (important for dosing considerations).

Finally, the researchers tested two of the strongest candidates on the skin of mice infected with Acinetobacter baumannii, a common source of drug-resistant infections in people. The candidates appeared to be roughly as effective as polymyxin B, an existing antibiotic often used as a last resort drug for certain drug-resistant infections.

The researchers have coined these antibacterial fragments collected from prions as “prionins.”

The future of prionins

More research is obviously needed to verify whether the team’s prionins can actually work as hoped—and safely—in people. The researchers also note their findings don’t settle the open question as to whether prions or prion-like proteins naturally tackle bacterial infections in our body.

At the same time, they do argue their work provides a strong proof of concept that prionins identified through AI can be viable antibiotic candidates for further testing.

“For a long time, drug discovery has been limited not only by what we can test, but by where we choose to look,” said senior study author César de la Fuente, director of the Machine Biology Group at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, in a statement from the university. “AI is changing that. It gives us a way to search the hidden layers of biology and ask whether molecules associated with one story—in this case, disease—may also carry another story with therapeutic potential.”

With any luck, the proteins known for causing the scariest diseases around could someday turn into our antibacterial allies.

#Deadly #Proteins #Mad #Cow #Disease #Fight #Superbugsantibiotic resistance,experimental drugs,prions">Deadly Proteins Behind Mad Cow Disease Might Help Us Fight Superbugs
                The next frontier of antibiotics might come from an unexpected place. Recent research identifies potential antibiotic candidates from inside prions—proteins capable of causing some of the deadliest brain infections ever known, such as mad cow disease.

 Scientists at the University of Pennsylvania used artificial intelligence to rapidly search hundreds of prions and prion-like proteins for peptides with antibacterial activity. They found several dozen promising candidates, two of which have already shown results treating bacterial infections in mice. The team’s findings establish “prion-related proteins as a productive source space for antibiotic discovery,” the scientists wrote in their paper, published late last week in the journal Nature Microbiology.

 Good guy prions? Prions are some of the strangest things around. They’re the misfolded form of a protein naturally found in the body. When a prion comes across its “normal” counterpart, it can somehow induce the latter to turn into a prion itself, almost like a zombie infection.

 Classic prion disorders like mad cow disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease are caused by the steady accumulation of one particular type of protein, aptly named the prion protein; these disorders are universally fatal. Some scientists have also argued that other neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer’s disease, are caused by other kinds of misfolded proteins that act in a similar way to prions.   According to the study researchers, there’s growing evidence that prions and prion-like proteins are more than just harbingers of death. Studies have found that the normal prion protein and the prion-like amyloid beta (one of the drivers of Alzheimer’s) can have antimicrobial activity, for instance. So the team decided to conduct a sweeping analysis looking for antimicrobial peptide fragments within these proteins.

 The researchers had previously built an AI model intended to predict the antimicrobial activity of any given peptide fragment, named APEX 1.1. Then they let APEX scan through 19.3 million short peptide fragments found in 2,897 prion and prion-like proteins. They initially uncovered 1,179 candidates, which the team narrowed down to 75 that showed the most potential. Of these, 59 were able to inhibit the growth of at least one bacterial germ in the lab, including 42 that did so at low levels (important for dosing considerations). Finally, the researchers tested two of the strongest candidates on the skin of mice infected with Acinetobacter baumannii, a common source of drug-resistant infections in people. The candidates appeared to be roughly as effective as polymyxin B, an existing antibiotic often used as a last resort drug for certain drug-resistant infections. The researchers have coined these antibacterial fragments collected from prions as “prionins.”

 The future of prionins More research is obviously needed to verify whether the team’s prionins can actually work as hoped—and safely—in people. The researchers also note their findings don’t settle the open question as to whether prions or prion-like proteins naturally tackle bacterial infections in our body. At the same time, they do argue their work provides a strong proof of concept that prionins identified through AI can be viable antibiotic candidates for further testing. “For a long time, drug discovery has been limited not only by what we can test, but by where we choose to look,” said senior study author César de la Fuente, director of the Machine Biology Group at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, in a statement from the university. “AI is changing that. It gives us a way to search the hidden layers of biology and ask whether molecules associated with one story—in this case, disease—may also carry another story with therapeutic potential.”

 With any luck, the proteins known for causing the scariest diseases around could someday turn into our antibacterial allies.      #Deadly #Proteins #Mad #Cow #Disease #Fight #Superbugsantibiotic resistance,experimental drugs,prions

published late last week in the journal Nature Microbiology.

Good guy prions?

Prions are some of the strangest things around. They’re the misfolded form of a protein naturally found in the body. When a prion comes across its “normal” counterpart, it can somehow induce the latter to turn into a prion itself, almost like a zombie infection.

Classic prion disorders like mad cow disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease are caused by the steady accumulation of one particular type of protein, aptly named the prion protein; these disorders are universally fatal. Some scientists have also argued that other neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer’s disease, are caused by other kinds of misfolded proteins that act in a similar way to prions.

According to the study researchers, there’s growing evidence that prions and prion-like proteins are more than just harbingers of death. Studies have found that the normal prion protein and the prion-like amyloid beta (one of the drivers of Alzheimer’s) can have antimicrobial activity, for instance. So the team decided to conduct a sweeping analysis looking for antimicrobial peptide fragments within these proteins.

The researchers had previously built an AI model intended to predict the antimicrobial activity of any given peptide fragment, named APEX 1.1. Then they let APEX scan through 19.3 million short peptide fragments found in 2,897 prion and prion-like proteins. They initially uncovered 1,179 candidates, which the team narrowed down to 75 that showed the most potential. Of these, 59 were able to inhibit the growth of at least one bacterial germ in the lab, including 42 that did so at low levels (important for dosing considerations).

Finally, the researchers tested two of the strongest candidates on the skin of mice infected with Acinetobacter baumannii, a common source of drug-resistant infections in people. The candidates appeared to be roughly as effective as polymyxin B, an existing antibiotic often used as a last resort drug for certain drug-resistant infections.

The researchers have coined these antibacterial fragments collected from prions as “prionins.”

The future of prionins

More research is obviously needed to verify whether the team’s prionins can actually work as hoped—and safely—in people. The researchers also note their findings don’t settle the open question as to whether prions or prion-like proteins naturally tackle bacterial infections in our body.

At the same time, they do argue their work provides a strong proof of concept that prionins identified through AI can be viable antibiotic candidates for further testing.

“For a long time, drug discovery has been limited not only by what we can test, but by where we choose to look,” said senior study author César de la Fuente, director of the Machine Biology Group at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, in a statement from the university. “AI is changing that. It gives us a way to search the hidden layers of biology and ask whether molecules associated with one story—in this case, disease—may also carry another story with therapeutic potential.”

With any luck, the proteins known for causing the scariest diseases around could someday turn into our antibacterial allies.

#Deadly #Proteins #Mad #Cow #Disease #Fight #Superbugsantibiotic resistance,experimental drugs,prions">Deadly Proteins Behind Mad Cow Disease Might Help Us Fight SuperbugsDeadly Proteins Behind Mad Cow Disease Might Help Us Fight Superbugs
                The next frontier of antibiotics might come from an unexpected place. Recent research identifies potential antibiotic candidates from inside prions—proteins capable of causing some of the deadliest brain infections ever known, such as mad cow disease.

 Scientists at the University of Pennsylvania used artificial intelligence to rapidly search hundreds of prions and prion-like proteins for peptides with antibacterial activity. They found several dozen promising candidates, two of which have already shown results treating bacterial infections in mice. The team’s findings establish “prion-related proteins as a productive source space for antibiotic discovery,” the scientists wrote in their paper, published late last week in the journal Nature Microbiology.

 Good guy prions? Prions are some of the strangest things around. They’re the misfolded form of a protein naturally found in the body. When a prion comes across its “normal” counterpart, it can somehow induce the latter to turn into a prion itself, almost like a zombie infection.

 Classic prion disorders like mad cow disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease are caused by the steady accumulation of one particular type of protein, aptly named the prion protein; these disorders are universally fatal. Some scientists have also argued that other neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer’s disease, are caused by other kinds of misfolded proteins that act in a similar way to prions.   According to the study researchers, there’s growing evidence that prions and prion-like proteins are more than just harbingers of death. Studies have found that the normal prion protein and the prion-like amyloid beta (one of the drivers of Alzheimer’s) can have antimicrobial activity, for instance. So the team decided to conduct a sweeping analysis looking for antimicrobial peptide fragments within these proteins.

 The researchers had previously built an AI model intended to predict the antimicrobial activity of any given peptide fragment, named APEX 1.1. Then they let APEX scan through 19.3 million short peptide fragments found in 2,897 prion and prion-like proteins. They initially uncovered 1,179 candidates, which the team narrowed down to 75 that showed the most potential. Of these, 59 were able to inhibit the growth of at least one bacterial germ in the lab, including 42 that did so at low levels (important for dosing considerations). Finally, the researchers tested two of the strongest candidates on the skin of mice infected with Acinetobacter baumannii, a common source of drug-resistant infections in people. The candidates appeared to be roughly as effective as polymyxin B, an existing antibiotic often used as a last resort drug for certain drug-resistant infections. The researchers have coined these antibacterial fragments collected from prions as “prionins.”

 The future of prionins More research is obviously needed to verify whether the team’s prionins can actually work as hoped—and safely—in people. The researchers also note their findings don’t settle the open question as to whether prions or prion-like proteins naturally tackle bacterial infections in our body. At the same time, they do argue their work provides a strong proof of concept that prionins identified through AI can be viable antibiotic candidates for further testing. “For a long time, drug discovery has been limited not only by what we can test, but by where we choose to look,” said senior study author César de la Fuente, director of the Machine Biology Group at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, in a statement from the university. “AI is changing that. It gives us a way to search the hidden layers of biology and ask whether molecules associated with one story—in this case, disease—may also carry another story with therapeutic potential.”

 With any luck, the proteins known for causing the scariest diseases around could someday turn into our antibacterial allies.      #Deadly #Proteins #Mad #Cow #Disease #Fight #Superbugsantibiotic resistance,experimental drugs,prions

The next frontier of antibiotics might come from an unexpected place. Recent research identifies potential antibiotic candidates from inside prions—proteins capable of causing some of the deadliest brain infections ever known, such as mad cow disease.

Scientists at the University of Pennsylvania used artificial intelligence to rapidly search hundreds of prions and prion-like proteins for peptides with antibacterial activity. They found several dozen promising candidates, two of which have already shown results treating bacterial infections in mice.

The team’s findings establish “prion-related proteins as a productive source space for antibiotic discovery,” the scientists wrote in their paper, published late last week in the journal Nature Microbiology.

Good guy prions?

Prions are some of the strangest things around. They’re the misfolded form of a protein naturally found in the body. When a prion comes across its “normal” counterpart, it can somehow induce the latter to turn into a prion itself, almost like a zombie infection.

Classic prion disorders like mad cow disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease are caused by the steady accumulation of one particular type of protein, aptly named the prion protein; these disorders are universally fatal. Some scientists have also argued that other neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer’s disease, are caused by other kinds of misfolded proteins that act in a similar way to prions.

According to the study researchers, there’s growing evidence that prions and prion-like proteins are more than just harbingers of death. Studies have found that the normal prion protein and the prion-like amyloid beta (one of the drivers of Alzheimer’s) can have antimicrobial activity, for instance. So the team decided to conduct a sweeping analysis looking for antimicrobial peptide fragments within these proteins.

The researchers had previously built an AI model intended to predict the antimicrobial activity of any given peptide fragment, named APEX 1.1. Then they let APEX scan through 19.3 million short peptide fragments found in 2,897 prion and prion-like proteins. They initially uncovered 1,179 candidates, which the team narrowed down to 75 that showed the most potential. Of these, 59 were able to inhibit the growth of at least one bacterial germ in the lab, including 42 that did so at low levels (important for dosing considerations).

Finally, the researchers tested two of the strongest candidates on the skin of mice infected with Acinetobacter baumannii, a common source of drug-resistant infections in people. The candidates appeared to be roughly as effective as polymyxin B, an existing antibiotic often used as a last resort drug for certain drug-resistant infections.

The researchers have coined these antibacterial fragments collected from prions as “prionins.”

The future of prionins

More research is obviously needed to verify whether the team’s prionins can actually work as hoped—and safely—in people. The researchers also note their findings don’t settle the open question as to whether prions or prion-like proteins naturally tackle bacterial infections in our body.

At the same time, they do argue their work provides a strong proof of concept that prionins identified through AI can be viable antibiotic candidates for further testing.

“For a long time, drug discovery has been limited not only by what we can test, but by where we choose to look,” said senior study author César de la Fuente, director of the Machine Biology Group at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, in a statement from the university. “AI is changing that. It gives us a way to search the hidden layers of biology and ask whether molecules associated with one story—in this case, disease—may also carry another story with therapeutic potential.”

With any luck, the proteins known for causing the scariest diseases around could someday turn into our antibacterial allies.

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